Oral Paper

         Paleobotany

Permineralized cornalean fossil fruits from the Late Cretaceous of North America

Presenting Author
Austin Nguyen
Description
The Cornales is an asterid order that includes dogwoods, hydrangeas, and tupelos. Molecular divergence time estimates and paleobotanical studies indicate that the order underwent a rapid diversification during the Late Cretaceous (100-66 Ma). Thus, fossil cornaleans from this important interval have much potential for shedding light on the early evolutionary history of the order. Here, we report a new genus represented by two permineralized endocarps from the Cedar District Formation (Campanian, 82-80 Ma), which is principally exposed on Sucia Island, Washington state, USA. The fossils were sectioned with the cellulose acetate peel technique and studied with light microscopy. To determine the fruits’ relationship to other cornalean taxa, a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis including living and fossil taxa was conducted in MrBayes using two chloroplast genes, 28S rDNA, and 71 morphological characters. The endocarps are thick-walled and woody with apically opening dorsal germination valves, one apically attached seed per locule, and transseptal vascular bundles located within the septal peripheries rather than in the central axis. This combination of characters is highly diagnostic of Cornales. Additionally, the endocarps measure 2.3-3.1 mm wide and at least 2.9 mm long. The endocarps have three to four locules that are ellipsoidal to subtriangular in cross section. Each locule is associated with a dorsal germination valve that extends less than half the endocarp length. The endocarps have smooth external surfaces, lacking ridges, grooves, and pits. Anatomically, the germination valves are composed of isodiametric sclereids, the septa and central axis are comprised of isodiametric and elongated sclereids, and there is multiseriate layer of circum-locular fibers. The seeds have copious endosperm, membranous seed coats, and ventral raphes. The combination of characters seen in these fruits precludes assignment to any extant family within the order and indicates that they represent a new genus. Phylogenetic analysis recovers this extinct genus within a clade with other extinct genera, all of which are closely related to the extant families Curtisiaceae and Grubbiaceae. Our findings provide additional evidence that the early diversification of Cornales not only resulted in the rapid divergences of major clades, but also a considerable diversity of extinct genera that most likely belong to extinct families.