Poster

         Education and Outreach

Do microbes help or hinder germination? A learning game designed by USDA-REEU undergraduate students to explore seed-endophyte interactions

Presenting Author
Julie Beckstead
Description
Today, plants are facing many challenges in both agricultural and natural habitats. Disease and environmental stressors (e.g., drought, heat, abrupt freeze, and high soil salinity) can reduce germination and seedling development. Climate change poses a further threat by enhancing environmental stress factors and potentially increasing the spread of disease. Microbes (e.g., bacteria and fungi) are known to provide plants various benefits against both abiotic and biotic stress through symbiotic interactions. However, the beneficial aspects of microbes have largely been unexplored, and they are an untapped resource that has the potential to solve important problems in plant communities around the world. Undergraduate students participating in a USDA-REEU summer research program designed a card game to disseminate concepts that were part of their research program. The REEU student research projects focused on microbial seed endophytes and stressors that cause cell damage in seeds. Students surface sterilized seeds of several species and plated them on four types of agar media to isolate endophytic microbes. Plates were examined for germination status, presence of bacteria and fungi, along with morphological microbial traits. Our results found that there were more bacteria endophytes isolated from flax seeds than fungi. Other students in the group explored different types of stress on seeds by examining cell damage following the stress events during the germination life stage. Stressors included drought stress, freeze stress, and heat stress. Cell damage was measured by electrolyte leakage. We found that stressful events resulted in higher electrolyte leakage of germinating forb yarrow (Achillea millefolium, family Asteraceae). Seeds experiencing multiple stress events sustained 3x higher cell damage than controls and nearly 2x higher than seeds experiencing only one stressful event compared to controls. In addition, grass seeds of Bromus tectorum (family Poaceae) experienced 25% higher cell damage than a forb species (A. millefolium) when warm conditions were followed by an abrupt freeze. These experiments  inspired the design of a card game exploring seed-microbe interactions with a focus on seed endophytes and germination. The goal of the game is to germinate your seed before the other players by adding endophytes to reduce your days for germination. The game consists of Seed Plant Cards that show plant traits, maximum number of endophytes that the plant can host, and the number of days for germination. Players choose one Seed Plant Card for the game. Another deck of cards contains fungal endophytes, bacterial endophytes, and pathogens. Although pathogens negatively impact germination, the fungal and bacterial endophytes can reduce days for germination and benefit the seed. However, these endophytes may interact with each other and may only help some plants and not others. While playing this game, students learn about endophytes, microbial interactions, and impacts of microbes on seeds. This fun learning experience provides students with an opportunity to discover a world they have never considered before. Plant restoration and agriculture tomorrow will depend on future biologists that can tap into unexplored tools to help plants establish under stressful conditions.